Doping : subiect postat trunchiat pe Facebook, in 'errare humanum est' in urma cu ceva vreme si care incerca in mod onest a cauta un raspuns la intrebarea :"Gloria sportiva este obtinuta cinstit...?" Astfel am luat-o de la Zero, am intrat in Wikipedia, am postat la 'cafenea' si asa am ajuns la un subject larg dezbatut in presa internationala; iar despre 'gloriile noastre' nici nu poatte fi vb...., dece = deoarece nu prea aveam glorii care sa genereze un fenomen ocult ..., avem niste 'bieti gainari' care au furat ceva si apoi au crezut ca pot spune..:"eu, nu am fost acolo...!'
Cafenea >
Wikipedia:
M.Olaru scrie: Depistarea
celor care se dopeaza este subiect de senzatie, de scandal, mai ales, in mass-media; de regula
sportivii sunt penalizati cu interzicerea practicarii disciplinei in care au
fost depistati si cu asta gata !
Totus, practica dopingului arata ca s-a trecut de la
faza empirica la cea elaborata, gandita, premeditat de alte persoane decat cel
care ar trebui numit 'victima'.
Deci, daca un sportiv
este depistat pozitiv ar fi normal ca si cei care l-au 'pregatit' sa fie
sanctionati chiar mai aspru decat 'victima'...
Multi antrenori ai
celor dopati ajung sa obtina fel de fel de beneficii si materiale dar mai ales
morale si ei 'defileaza' in fata noastra, ca si cum totul a fost o simpla
intamplare si deci 'putine sanse de a se repeta exista'..., ori viata ne arata
ca acestia continua a premedita activitatea de doping, sunt tolerati cand ar
trebui sa fie, parerea mea, exclusi din activitate, definitiv si iremediabil [
adica sa li retraga toate 'onorurile' obtinute fraudulos].
In acest ingust
domeniu [ pedepsirea mentorilor] nu am remarcat sa existe masuri de pedepsire
si atunci intreb: este just ca numai o
'victima' sa sufere cand de fapt in 'spatele' sau 'pe spatele' ei sunt multi
profitori ?
Nefiind 'expert' in a
scrie pe siteul dv., va scriu si adresa de email la care, poate, ar fi nimerit
a-mi da un raspuns Mircea Olaru, antrenor de inot, 4
Mai 2013 / 77 ani. [acum imi dau seama ca textul meu va fi respins deoarece nu
sunt folosite semnele diacritice romanesti.., regret, dar eu asa scriu in
grafia engleza si a ma intoarce la cea romana, necesara-recunosc, imi este
greu... ce sa fac ?]
Bună ziua. Am anulat mesajul Dvs. de la
Cafenea nu pentru că ar fi fost scris fără diacritice, dar pentru că nu se
referă la Wikipedia. Or, în susul paginii [[Wikipedia:Cafenea]] scrie: „La
Cafenea se discută numai subiecte legate de Wikipedia!”. Cele bune.
Performance-enhancing drugs
Costelle D, Berlioux M, Histoires des Jeux Olympiques,
Larousse, France, 1980
Performance-enhancing
drugs are substances used by athletes to improve their performances. The
term may also refer to drugs used by military personnel to enhance combat performance.[1]
Although the phrase performance-enhancing
drugs is popularly used in reference to anabolic
steroids or their precursors (hence the colloquial term "steroids"), world anti-doping
organizations apply the term broadly[2]
.
Types of
performance-enhancing drugs
The
phrase has been used to refer to several distinct classes of drugs:
- Lean mass builders
drive or amplify the growth of muscle and lean body mass; sometimes they're
used to reduce body fat. They can also reduce the time it takes an athlete
to recover from an injury. This class of drugs includes anabolic steroids, xenoandrogens,
beta-2 agonists, selective androgen receptor
modulators (SARMs), and various human hormones,
most notably human growth hormone, as well as some of
their precursors[3]
. Performance-enhancing drugs are also found in animals as synthetic
growth hormone.
- Stimulants
stimulate the body and mind to perform optimally by enhancing focus,
energy, and aggression. Some examples are caffeine, amphetamine,
and methamphetamine[4]
.
- Painkillers
mask athletes' pain so they can continue to compete and perform beyond
their usual pain thresholds. Blood
pressure is increased causing the cells in the muscles to be better
supplied with vital oxygen. Painkillers used by athletes range from common
over-the-counter medicines such as NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen)
to powerful prescription narcotics.
- Sedatives
are sometimes used by athletes in sports like archery
which require steady hands and accurate aim, and also by athletes
attempting to overcome excessive nervousness or discomfort. Alcohol, diazepam, propranolol,
and marijuana are examples.
- Diuretics
expel water from athletes' bodies. They are often used by athletes such as
wrestlers,
who need to meet weight restrictions. Many stimulants also have secondary diuretic effect. (Also used as a masking drug)
- Blood boosters
increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood beyond the individual's
natural capacity. Their misuse is centered on endurance sports like
cycling and nordic skiing. EPO
is the most publicly known drug in this class.
- Masking drugs
are used to prevent the detection of other classes of drugs. These evolve
as quickly as do testing methods – which is very quick indeed[5]
– although a time-tested classic example is the use of epitestosterone,
a drug with no performance-enhancing effects, to restore the testosterone/epitestosterone
ratio (a common criterion in steroid testing) to normal levels after
anabolic steroid supplementation.
Definition
The
classifications of substances as performance-enhancing drugs are not entirely
clear-cut and objective. As in other types of categorization,
certain prototype performance
enhancers are universally classified as such (like anabolic steroids), whereas
other substances (like vitamins and protein
supplements) are virtually never classified as performance enhancers despite
their effects on athletes' performance. This is because athletes can get the
correct amount of protein and supplements their body needs by having a proper
diet[6]
As is usual with categorization, there are borderline cases; caffeine,
for example, is considered a performance enhancer by some athletic authorities
but not others.[7]
See also
References
5. ^
Yesalis, Charles (2007). "12". Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise.
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
External
links
East
Germany closed itself to the sporting world in May 1965.[1]
In 1977 the shot-putter Ilona Slupianek, who weighed
93 kg, tested positive for anabolic steroids at the European Cup meeting
in Helsinki.
At the same time, the Kreischa testing laboratory near Dresden
passed into government control, which was reputed to make around 12,000 tests a
year on East German athletes but without any being penalised.[1]
The
International
Amateur Athletics Federation suspended Slupianek for 12 months, a
penalty that ended two days before the European championships in Prague. In
the reverse of what the IAAF hoped, sending her home to East Germany meant she
was free to train unchecked with anabolic steroids, if she wanted to, and then
compete for another gold medal, which indeed she won.
After
the Slupianek affair, East German athletes were secretly tested before they
left the country. Those who tested positive were removed from international
competition. Usually, such withdrawals were temporary as they were intended to
serve less as punishment as to protect both the athlete and the East German
team from international sanction. Ostensibly, the media would usually be
informed that the withdrawal was due to an injury sustained in training. If the
athlete was being doped in secret (as was often the case), their doctor would
usually be ordered to fabricate a medical condition so as to justify the
withdrawal to the athlete. The results of East Germany's internal drug tests
were never made public - almost nothing emerged from the East German sports
schools and laboratories. A rare exception was the visit by the sports writer
and former athlete, Doug Gilbert of the Edmonton
Sun, who said:
Dr (Heinz) Wuschech knows more
about anabolic steroids than any doctor I have ever met, and yet he cannot
discuss them openly any more than Geoff Capes or Mac Wilkins can openly discuss
them in the current climate of amateur sports regulation. What I did learn in
East Germany was that they feel there is little danger from anabolica, as they
call it, when the athletes are kept on strictly monitored programmes. Although
the extremely dangerous side-effects are admitted, they are statistically no
more likely to occur than side-effects from the birth control pill. If, that
is, programmes are constantly medically monitored as to dosage.[2]
Other
reports came from the occasional athlete who fled to the West. There were 15
between 1976 and 1979. One, the ski-jumper Hans Georg Aschenbach, said:
"Long-distance skiers start having injections to their knees from the age
14 because of their intensive training."[1]
He said: "For every Olympic champion, there at least 350 invalids. There
are gymnasts among the girls who have to wear corsets from the age of 18
because their spine and their ligaments have become so worn... There are young
people so worn out by the intensive training that they come out of it mentally
blank [lessivés - washed out],
which is even more painful than a deformed spine."[3]
Then
on 26 August 1993, after the former GDR had disbanded itself to accede to the
Federal Republic of Germany in 1990, the records were opened and the evidence
was there that the Stasi,
the GDR state secret police, supervised systematic doping of East German
athletes from 1971 until reunification in 1990. Doping existed in other
countries, both communist and capitalist, says expert Jean-Pierre de Mondenard,
but the difference with East Germany was that it was a state policy.[4]
The
Sportvereinigung
Dynamo (English:Sport Club
Dynamo)[5]
was especially singled out as a center for doping in the former East Germany.[6]
Many former club officials and some athletes found themselves charged after the
dissolution of the country. A special page on the internet was created by
doping victims trying to gain justice and compensation, listing people involved
in doping in the GDR.[7]
State-endorsed
doping began with the Cold War when every eastern bloc gold was an ideological
victory. From 1974, Manfred Ewald, the head of the GDR's sports federation,
imposed blanket doping. At the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, the country of 17
million collected nine gold medals. Four years later the total was 20 and in
1976 it doubled again to 40.[8]
Ewald was quoted as having told coaches, "They're still so young and don't
have to know everything." He was given a 22-month suspended sentence, to
the outrage of his victims.[9]
Often,
doping was carried out without the knowledge of the athletes, some of them as
young as ten years of age. It is estimated that around 10,000 former athletes
bear the physical and mental scars of years of drug abuse,[10]
one of them is Rica Reinisch, a triple
Olympic champion and world record-setter at the Moscow Games in 1980, has since
suffered numerous miscarriages and recurring ovarian cysts.
Two
former Dynamo Berlin club doctors,
Dieter Binus, chief of the national women's team from 1976 to 80, and Bernd
Pansold, in charge of the sports medicine centre in East-Berlin, were committed
for trial for allegedly supplying 19 teenagers with illegal substances.[11]
Binus was sentenced in August,[12]
Pansold in December 1998 after both being found guilty of administering
hormones to underage female athletes from 1975 to 1984.[13]
Virtually
no East German athlete ever failed an official drugs test, though Stasi files
show that many did, indeed, produce positive tests at Kreischa,
the Saxon laboratory (German:Zentrales
Dopingkontroll-Labor des Sportmedizinischen Dienstes) that was at the
time approved by the International Olympic Committee,[14]
now called the Institute of Doping
Analysis and Sports Biochemistry (IDAS).[15]
In
2005, fifteen years after the end of the GDR,
the manufacturer of the drugs in former East Germany, Jenapharm,
still finds itself involved in numerous lawsuits from doping victims, being
sued by almost 200 former athletes.[16]
Former
Sport Club Dynamo athletes who publicly admitted to doping, accusing their
coaches:[17]
Former
Sport Club Dynamo athletes disqualified for doping:
- Ilona
Slupianek[18]
(Ilona Slupianek was tested
positive along with three Finnish athletes at the 1977 European Cup,
becoming the only East German athlete ever to be convicted of doping)
Based
on the admission by Pollack, the United States Olympic
Committee asked for the redistribution of gold medals won in the 1976 Summer Olympics.[19]
Despite court rulings in Germany that substantiate claims of systematic doping
by some East German swimmers, the IOC executive board announced that it has no
intention of revising the Olympic record books. In rejecting the American
petition on behalf of its women's medley relay team in Montreal and a similar
petition from the British Olympic Association on behalf of Sharron
Davies, the IOC
made it clear that it wanted to discourage any such appeals in the future.[20]
Documentation
In
1991 Brigitte Berendonk and Werner Franke, two opponents of the doping, published
several theses which had been drafted former researchers in the GDR doping
products which were at the Military Medical Academy Bad Saarow. Based on this
work, in their book (translated from German as 'Doping Documents") they
were able to reconstruct the practice of doping as it was organized by the
State on many great athletes from the GDR, including Marita
Koch and Heike Drechsler, who have
denied the allegations. Brigitte Berendonk survived a 1993 lawsuit where
Drechsler accused her of lying. The lawsuit essentially validates the book[21][22]
Significant
cases
Renate
Neufeld
In
1977, one of East Germany's best sprinters, Renate Neufeld,
fled to the West with the Bulgarian she later married. A year later she said
that she had been told to take drugs supplied by coaches while training to
represent East Germany in the 1980 Olympic Games.
At 17, I joined the East Berlin
Sports Institute. My speciality was the 80m hurdles. We swore that we would
never speak to anyone about our training methods, including our parents. The
training was very hard. We were all watched. We signed a register each time we
left for dormitory and we had to say where we were going and what time we would
return. One day, my trainer, Günter Clam, advised me to take pills to improve
my performance: I was running 200m in 24 seconds. My trainer told me the pills
were vitamins, but I soon had cramp in my legs, my voice became gruff and
sometimes I couldn't talk any more. Then I started to grow a moustache and my
periods stopped. I then refused to take these pills. One morning in October
1977, the secret police took me at 7am and questioned me about my refusal to
take pills prescribed by the trainer. I then decided to flee, with my fiancé.[23][24]
She
brought with her to the West grey tablets and green powder she said had been
given to her, to members of her club, and to other athletes. The West German
doping analyst Manfred Donike reportedly identified them as anabolic steroids.
She said she stayed quiet for a year for the sake of her family. But when her
father then lost his job and her sister was expelled from her handball club,
she decided to tell her story.[23]
Andreas
Krieger
Heidi
Krieger competed in the East
German athletics team, winning the
gold medal for shot put in the 1986 European
Championships in Athletics.
From
the age of 16 onward, Krieger was systematically doped with anabolic
steroids, which have significant androgenic
effects on the body. She had already had doubts about her gender identity, and
the chemical changes resulting from the steroids only exacerbated them.[25]
Eventually, she had many of the characteristics of a man. In 1997, some years
after retirement, Krieger underwent sex reassignment surgery and
changed her name to Andreas.
At
the trial of Manfred Ewald, leader of the
East German sports program and president of his East Germany's Olympic
committee and Manfred Hoeppner, East German
medical director in Berlin in 2000, Krieger testified that the drugs she had
been given had contributed to her transsexuality.
See also
===============
|
|
Schwimmverein Limmat Zürich
|
|
Doping von Minderjährigen in der DDR
Bundesgericht schafft Klarheit / 23.
März 2000
Leipzig - In seiner ersten Entscheidung zum Doping von Minderjährigen im
DDR-Sport hat der Bundesgerichtshof klargestellt, dass die Taten nicht
verjährt sind. "In Fällen staatlich zentral gelenkter Vergabe
schädlicher Dopingmittel an uneingeweihte minderjährige Sportler hat die
Verjährung in der DDR auf Grund eines quasigesetzlichen
Verfolgungshindernisses geruht", heißt es in der veröffentlichten
Begründung des Beschlusses vom 9. Februar.
Mit der Entscheidung war die Revision des Sportarztes Bernd Pansold gegen
seine Verurteilung wegen Beihilfe zur Körperverletzung durch das Landgericht
Berlin vom 5. Strafsenat des Bundesgerichtshofs in Leipzig abgelehnt worden.
Pansold für Hormonvergabe an
minderjährige Schwimmerinnen verurteilt
Der Sportarzt, der bis zur Schuldsprechung den Ski-Olympiasieger Hermann
Maier am österreichischen Olympiastützpunkt in Obertauern betreut hatte,
wurde am 7. Dezember 1998 vor der 34. Strafkammer in Berlin zu einer
Geldstrafe von 180 Tagessätzen zu je 80 Mark verurteilt.
Das Gericht sah es damals als erwiesen an, dass der Sportmediziner des SC
Dynamo Berlin von 1975 bis 1984 die Vergabe männlicher Hormone an
minderjährige Schwimmerinnen gesteuert hat. Daher wurde er wegen Beihilfe zur
vorsätzlichen Körperverletzung in neun Fällen schuldig gesprochen.
Eltern sind nicht aufgeklärt worden
Auf Grund der zentral organisierten Geheimhaltung wurden die Sportlerinnen,
einschließlich ihrer Eltern, bewusst nicht über die ihnen verabreichten
Mittel aufgeklärt. Die "unterstützenden Mittel" wurden nicht in
Originalverpackungen ausgeteilt. "Den Sportlerinnen gegenüber wurde die
Legende einzunehmender Vitamine oder Aufbaustoffe gebraucht", so die
Begründung.
Der Einsatz von Anabolika führte zu Störungen im Hormonhaushalt und
Fettstoffwechsel. Zudem bestand die Gefahr gravierender Nebenfolgen. So sind
auch bei mehreren der betroffenen Sportlerinnen Folgeschäden in Form von
Stimmvertiefung, übermäßiger Behaarung und Leberschäden aufgetreten.
|
Forgotten
victims of East German doping take their battle to court
Athletes who
were given drugs to compete in the name of communism seek £8m compensation
They are the
forgotten victims. For three decades, East Germans ran, swam and shot-putted
their way to glory, winning Olympic gold medals, setting world records and - so
it seemed at the time -demonstrating the superiority of communism. But this
month the human cost of East Germany's extraordinary sporting success will be
laid bare in a courtroom in Hamburg.
Some 190
East German competitors are launching a case against the German pharmaceutical
giant Jenapharm. They claim that the East German firm knowingly supplied the
steroids that were given to them by trainers and coaches from the 1960s onwards
until East Germany's demise in 1989. Jenapharm, now owned by Schering, argues
it was not responsible for the doping scandal and blames the communist system.
Last month,
meanwhile, Germany's athletics federation announced that it was checking 22
national records set by East German athletes. The investigation came after Ines
Geipel, a member of the record-holding East German women's 4x100 metres relay
team, asked for her record from 1984 to be struck off. She revealed she had
been doped. In a separate case another former East German swimmer Karin König
is today suing the German Olympic committee for damages. König claims that she
was also a victim of doping between 1982 and 1987.
This
state-sponsored doping regime played a decisive role in the dazzling success of
East German athletes in international competitions - most notably at the 1976
Montreal Olympics and the 1980 Moscow games. But it also left a terrible
legacy, the athletes' lawyers argue.
The victims
all received Oral-Turinabol - an anabolic steroid containing testosterone made
by Jenapharm. The "blue bean" had astonishing powers - accelerating
muscle build-up and boosting recovery times - but its subsequent side effects
were catastrophic: infertility among women, embarrassing hair growth, breast
cancer, heart problems and testicular cancer. An estimated 800 athletes developed
serious ailments.
The most
public face of the doping scandal is Andreas Krieger - a shot-putter who took
so many male hormones she decided to have a sex change.
One of the
few other victims to have spoken publicly about her plight is the swimmer Rica
Reinisch, who at the age of 15 won three gold medals in the 1980 Olympics.
"The worst thing was that I didn't know I was being doped," she told
the Guardian. I was lied to and deceived. Whenever I asked my coach what the
tablets were I was told they were vitamins and preparations."
According to
Prof Dr Werner Franke, a microbiologist who exposed the doping scandal after
the fall of the Berlin Wall, East Germany's secret police kept meticulous
records of the impact the drugs had on performance. A top-secret sporting
medical committee including members of the Parteibüro, East Germany's communist
leadership body, met to decide which members of the national squad were to be
given the drugs. The aim was to show the superiority of the communist regime to
its capitalist neighbour West Germany.
The strategy
worked. In the 1972 Munich Olympics, East Germany - a country of 17 million -
reached the top three in the medals table with the United States and the Soviet
Union. Four years later, East German women won 11 of the 13 swimming events.
Franke
contends that scientists from Jenapharm attended these secret committee
meetings. Documents also suggest that Jenapharm scientists collaborated with
the secret police, the Stasi, in an informal capacity, he claims - protesting
privately but not publicly - at the use of steroids in sport.
"There
was no medical reason to give steroids. It was against the law of the German
Democratic Republic. It was against medical ethics," Franke said.
"Everybody knew these drugs were not allowed. The people who participated
in this clandestine operation knew that they would lose privileges if they
refused to take part.
"But
they also knew they wouldn't be executed. Some of the arguments now resemble
those brought forward in the Third Reich. Those involved disapproved of what
they were doing. They knew it was wrong. But they also knew it was a matter of
national prestige, and was good for their careers. The Jesuits have a saying:
'For the greater glory of God.' This is what happened here."
Whereas Germany
has an exemplary record in the way it has dealt with its Nazi past, much of
what happened during communist East Germany has been swept under the carpet -
in the apparent interests of national reconciliation. In the late 1990s
criminal cases were brought against Manfred Ewald, the former East German team
doctor, and Dr Manfred Hoppner, a former team medical consultant. They were
given suspended sentences.
Schering,
one of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies, has so far refused to pay
any compensation. Isabelle Rothe, Jenapharm's chief executive, said she could
give only some general background in advance of the trial, but she said she had
"sympathy" with the victims of the doping scandal, and admitted that
many of them were "under age" when they were given the steroids.
"I'm
convinced that the claims for damages against Jenapharm are not
justified," she added. "After everything we now know the company was
not involved in concrete doping or training plans. This is also true of doping
experiments on athletes." She called for further research, saying it would
reveal previously unknown aspects of the case. It is not clear yet whether the
firm will cave in when both sides meet this month for an arbitration hearing or
tough out the inevitable bad publicity and fight the case.
Lawyers for
the victims are hoping for €10-12m (£6.7m-£8.1m) in compensation, with most of
the money going to former competitors whose lives have been ruined. Germany's
parliament has already given €2m, €10,500 each.
Intriguingly, some of the world records set by East
German athletes while using Oral-Turinabol have not been bettered.
Schwimmen ist die beste
Alternative um sich rundum fit zu halten. Doch sollte man beachten, dass
Schwimmen nicht nur als reine Sportart anzusehen ist, sondern es ist auch eine
gute Möglichkeit um seinem Körper Erholung und Kondition in einem zu geben. In
Form von Wassergymnastik wird dem Schwimmen sogar eine heilende Wirkung
vorausgesagt.
Stilarten des Schwimmen
Wie
in anderen Sportarten auch, teilt sich das Schwimmen in unterschiedliche
Bereiche auf. Zum einen gibt es die Variante des Rücken- und Brustschwimmen,
die auch als Grundtechnik bekannt sein sollte, und zum anderen findet man beim
Schwimmen noch das Kraulen und den Delfin vor. Doch auch die Wassergymnastik
hat das Schwimmbecken erobert, obwohl hier kein Schwimmen an sich stattfindet
sondern eher gymnastische Übungen im Wasser. Das Brustschwimmen wird gerne im
Anfänger Schwimmkurs verwendet. Die Arme werden dabei gleichzeitig von vorne
unter dem Körper nach hinten wegbewegt, wobei die Beine eine Frosch artige
Stellung annehmen und bei entsprechender Bewegung für Antrieb sorgen. Beim Rückenschwimmen
hingegen liegt man mit dem Rücken auf der Wasseroberfläche und die Beine
bewegen sich in paddelnder Bewegung. Die Arme hingegen gleiten vom Kopf an
neben dem Körper nach unten. Als schnellste Stilart von allen wird das Kraulen
bezeichnet. Den Antrieb bekommt der Körper hierbei zu 80 Prozent nur durch die
Armbewegungen. Diese werden in kraulender Bewegung von vorne und dann seitlich
am Körper vorbei nach hinten ausgeführt. Die Beine müssen die ganze Zeit über
gestreckt bleiben und bewegen sich nur plantschend auf und ab. Da sich beim
Kraulen das Gesicht im Wasser befindet, muss der Schwimmer seinen Körper
während des Schwimmprozesses kurzzeitig etwas zur Seite drehen, damit das
Gesicht aus dem Wasser kommt und das Atmen ermöglicht wird.
Positive Auswirkungen auf den Körper
Der
starke Wasserdruck beim Schwimmen drückt die Blutgefäße zusammen, wodurch das
Herz gezwungen wird mehr Blut zu produzieren. Dadurch vergrößert sich
automatisch das Herzvolumen, die Herzfrequenz sinkt ab und das Herz beginnt besser
zu arbeiten. Diese positiven Nebenerscheinungen sind aber erst nach längeren
Trainingsphasen sichtbar. Das Atmen fällt einem scheinbar leichter und der
Körper kommt gleichzeitig in den Genuss der Massagewirkung des Wassers auf den
Körper.
Worauf sollte man achten?
Jeder
kennt das Sprichwort, dass man nicht mit vollem Magen Schwimmen gehen sollte.
Sich daran zu halten ist nur zu empfehlen. Denn beim Schwimmen benötigt der
Körper sämtliche Energien um die eigene Muskulatur zu stärken. Ein voller Magen
hingegen leitet einen Großteil der Energie in den Verdauungsbereich, der nun
wiederum der Muskulatur fehlt. Dadurch kann es häufiger zu Krämpfen kommen, was
gerade in tiefen Gewässern äußerst gefährlich werden kann. Vor dem Schwimmen
sollte der Magen nicht komplett leer sein, sondern ein Imbiss in Maßen ist
dennoch zu empfehlen. Bevor man dann zum Sprung ins kühle Nass ansetzt sollte
man sich einmal kalt abduschen, damit es zu keinem Kreislaufversagen kommen
kann. Denn plötzliche Kälte lässt die Blutgefäße zusammen ziehen, die im
schlimmsten Fall einen Gefäßverschluss hervorrufen können. Ein weiterer Punkt
beim Schwimmen sind auftretende Krämpfe. Sollte man vorhaben, eine längere
Strecke zurück zu legen, so ist es ratsam, dies nur in Begleitung vorzunehmen.
Quelle
des Bildes: HaBlu – Fotolia
Ähnliche Berichte:
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Cafenea >
Wikipedia:
M.Olaru scrie: Depistarea
celor care se dopeaza este subiect de senzatie, de scandal, mai ales, in mass-media; de regula
sportivii sunt penalizati cu interzicerea practicarii disciplinei in care au
fost depistati si cu asta gata !
Totus, practica dopingului arata ca s-a trecut de la
faza empirica la cea elaborata, gandita, premeditat de alte persoane decat cel
care ar trebui numit 'victima'.
Deci, daca un sportiv
este depistat pozitiv ar fi normal ca si cei care l-au 'pregatit' sa fie
sanctionati chiar mai aspru decat 'victima'...
Multi antrenori ai
celor dopati ajung sa obtina fel de fel de beneficii si materiale dar mai ales
morale si ei 'defileaza' in fata noastra, ca si cum totul a fost o simpla
intamplare si deci 'putine sanse de a se repeta exista'..., ori viata ne arata
ca acestia continua a premedita activitatea de doping, sunt tolerati cand ar
trebui sa fie, parerea mea, exclusi din activitate, definitiv si iremediabil [
adica sa li retraga toate 'onorurile' obtinute fraudulos].
In acest ingust
domeniu [ pedepsirea mentorilor] nu am remarcat sa existe masuri de pedepsire
si atunci intreb: este just ca numai o
'victima' sa sufere cand de fapt in 'spatele' sau 'pe spatele' ei sunt multi
profitori ?
Nefiind 'expert' in a
scrie pe siteul dv., va scriu si adresa de email la care, poate, ar fi nimerit
a-mi da un raspuns Mircea Olaru, antrenor de inot, 4
Mai 2013 / 77 ani. [acum imi dau seama ca textul meu va fi respins deoarece nu
sunt folosite semnele diacritice romanesti.., regret, dar eu asa scriu in
grafia engleza si a ma intoarce la cea romana, necesara-recunosc, imi este
greu... ce sa fac ?]
Bună ziua. Am anulat mesajul Dvs. de la
Cafenea nu pentru că ar fi fost scris fără diacritice, dar pentru că nu se
referă la Wikipedia. Or, în susul paginii [[Wikipedia:Cafenea]] scrie: „La
Cafenea se discută numai subiecte legate de Wikipedia!”. Cele bune.
Sports Publications International
28 Mai 2013
